When the climate changes, so do all the things that rely on the climate, including people, plants, and pathogens. A European study recently took a broad look at what kind of microorganisms are most likely to be affected as climate change heats, cools, dries, and wets the world around us.

In a study published in the journal Scientific Reports, a research team from the University of Liverpool performed a broad assessment of how factors of climate change impact pathogens that make humans and animals sick. By understanding which microorganisms are more sensitive to environmental change, we have a better idea of how infection rates might change as the environment grows progressively less stable.

What Are Climate Drivers?

In the study, the authors note there is evidence that climate shifts are already causing changes in the incidence of disease — allowing some to appear at higher or lower altitudes and latitudes. The authors note modeling is frequently used to predict which pathogens could advance, but this study uses climate variables, along with data on selected pathogens, to get an idea of which pathogens we should worry about the most.

Climate variables that affect these pathogens are an important part of this study. The research team refers to these variables as “climate drivers” that include:

Primary drivers: Extreme weather events, climate change, climate oscillations, moisture, rainfall, temperature, and wind fluctuations.

Secondary drivers: Altitude, salinity, particulate matter, and vegetation.

The team chose to analyze 101 pathogens considered “high impact” to humans and animals in Europe and categorized them by how sensitive they are to these factors. These pathogens included bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoa, and viruses. Overall, there are 157 pathogens categorized because some pathogens are affected by both primary and secondary variables.

Which Pathogens Are Set to Be Destabilized by Climate Change?

Humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms rely on climate variables that are always in some local flux. When climate drivers swing far enough beyond the expected spectrum, larger change is bound to happen.

When comparing pathogens to climate drivers, the study team found that 99, or 63% of the pathogens were likely to respond to at least one climate driver. Fifty-eight, or 37%, of the pathogens, like HIV, did not show sensitivity to climate variables. That narrows the field of pathogens likely to go askew because of environmental change.

More than 90% of that initial group of 99 pathogens were sensitive to between one and five climate drivers. Other statistical findings on the numbers of pathogens likely to be affected by climate change include:

*81 of 99 pathogens were affected by primary climate drivers
*56 of the 99 pathogens also had secondary climate drivers
*18 of the 99 agents had sensitivity to secondary, but not primary climate drivers
Overall, pathogens were found to be most sensitive to climate drivers (primary and secondary) that include rainfall, temperature, moisture, and particulate matter.

*The pathogen with the highest sensitivity to climate factors was Vibrio cholera, the microbe that causes the serious, and often deadly, diarrheal disease, cholera. Cholera had nine climate drivers, indicating high volatility in the face of climate change.
*First runner up was the helminth, a parasite known as the “liver fluke” found throughout the world where sheep and cattle are present. A “helminth,” is the term for any parasitic nematode, worm, or fluke.
*Next up is anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, a naturally occurring bacteria that can prove fatal depending on infection type, and available treatment.
*Rounding out the top four is Borrelia burgdorferi, the tick-borne bacteria that causes Lyme disease. (We’re already seeing increased incidence of Lyme-bearing ticks in the Northeast US.)

Fungi are more sensitive to the wind, moisture, and salinity, while protozoa and helminths are the most sensitive to altitude.

For all of the selected pathogens, the methods of transmission, in order of frequency, include:

*Non-sexual, direct contact

*Food

*Fomite (fomites are non-living objects that carry pathogens, like hospital surfaces)

*Water

*Sexual, direct contact

*Vectors (a vector is an animal like a tick or mosquito, which spreads disease)

*Soil

The study found zoonotic pathogens are likely more sensitive to climate than others. “Zoonotic” microorganisms are those spread between animals and can jump to humans, like some types of influenza, gastrointestinal infections, and other diseases. Food and waterborne pathogens were more likely to be zoonotic, while infections spread through direct, non-sexual, contact are less likely to be zoonotic.

The study authors note that while “having more drivers does not directly indicate that pathogens are more climate sensitive” this study assumes “that being sensitive to a broader range of climate variables means that climate change is more likely to affect a disease” in complicated ways.

Two-thirds of the pathogens identified as being vulnerable to climate change have more than one driver — and that makes the way climate affects the pathogen, and its resulting infection, hard to predict.

The study also touches on the possible emergence of new pathogens, or adaptations of existing microorganisms in the face of climate drivers and other factors — like civil wars that occur in drought stricken areas, or where public healthcare breaks down, leading to infectious diseases along the lines of cholera. Many human practices may change — for the better, or for the worse — and those changes can drive contamination and disease transmission between animals and humans, and among humans themselves.

Study authors write: “As an estimated 75% of emerging diseases are zoonotic, emerging diseases may, therefore, be disproportionately sensitive to climate.”