The EV battery factory boom in North America is accelerating, as automakers and tech companies race to localize battery production and strengthen the electric vehicle supply chain.Here’s where the US stands on EV battery production two years after the Inflation Reduction Act was signed.

The onshoring of battery manufacturing for electric vehicles (EVs) started as a trickle during the COVID-19 pandemic. Then it turned into a tsunami.

In 2019, just two battery factories were operating in the United States, with another two under construction. Today, there are about 34 battery factories either planned, under construction, or operational in the country.

Former U.S. President Joe Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), signed into law on August 16, 2022, might not have been the initial catalyst behind the onshoring battery factory trend. However, it did help open the spigot and accelerate the pace of factory projects — not to mention sparking a climate tech arms race with the EU.  

Two and a half years later, we’re still tracking the fallout, even though the IRA’s fate is now uncertain.

In January 2025, President Donald Trump ordered a freeze on IRA funding disbursements, however, many of those funds have already made it into manufacturers’ hands. That order also hasn’t stopped the already-moving train of billions of private sector dollars invested in clean energy.

Whether Trump wants to back clean energy or not, the fact remains that the U.S. needs to have more control over its battery supply chain rather than ceding control to China. That’s particularly true in light of Trump’s 10% tariffs on Chinese imports. Automakers learned from the chip shortage crisis that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, and they are reluctant to repeat the same mistakes.

What has followed is a wave of automakers and battery manufacturers — both foreign and domestic — pledging to produce North American–made batteries by 2030. (See automaker’s plans here and battery maker’s plans here.)

IRA Carrots & Sticks

Why is there so much investment in onshoring EV battery production? One reason was because the IRA is rife with incentives for automakers and consumers to produce domestically — a concerted effort to end the U.S.’s reliance on China for batteries while simultaneously meeting Biden’s goal to make 50% of all new vehicle sales in the U.S. electric or hybrid by 2030. Although Trump has taken a step back from the IRA, electric vehicles can still qualify for the full $7,500 EV tax credit if they meet specific battery sourcing and production guidelines.

The IRA requires that 60% of the value of battery components be produced or assembled in North America in 2024 to qualify for half of the tax credit, $3,750. That percentage will increase to 100% starting in 2029. To obtain the remaining half, 50% of the value of critical materials must be sourced from the U.S. or a country with a free trade agreement in 2024. That percentage increases to 60%, 70%, and 80% for vehicles produced in 2025, 2026, and 2027 and beyond, respectively. 

The IRA’s advanced manufacturing credits, which provide producers with a payout from the Treasury, are likely to be eliminated, but it’s worth explaining how they have been utilized over the past couple of years. Under Section 45X, the production of battery cells is eligable for a credit of $35 per kilowatt-hour of capacity, and the production of battery modules qualifies for $10 per kilowatt-hour. Battery cells are containers that chemically store energy, and they are arranged into modules. Battery packs can be composed of cells or modules. 

Companies can also be reimbursed 10% of the costs incurred for the production of electrode active materials, such as the cathode and anode. The cathode stores lithium when a battery is discharged, and the anode stores lithium when a battery is charging. They are both components of a cell and can contain materials like graphite, silicon, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, and cobalt.

Automakers and battery manufacturers have collectively invested and promised to invest around $112 billion in building domestic cell and module manufacturing. Together, these companies promise to deliver an annual capacity of nearly 1,200 gigawatt-hours by 2030, assuming each factory reaches its maximum capacity. That’s roughly enough batteries for 18 million EVs, based on previous Tesla predictions that indicate approximately 100 GWh of capacity can power around 1.5 million EVs.

Outside of the battery sector, the IRA has helped fuel a total of $245 billion in private investment in clean energy and technology manufacturing, according to Atlas Public Policy’s Clean Economy Tracker. 

The investment into producing batteries in the U.S. and Canada changes regularly, so we’ve started tracking these promises.

Automakers investing in domestic battery production

TechCrunch created a handy map showing the location of each battery factory, along with some basic information, including planned capacity. For those looking for more details and context, scroll down to read about each manufacturer’s planned or operational battery factories. Alternatively, click on a location on the map to display a pop-up. 

Note: The factories listed below are producing or will produce battery cells and modules. We did not include items such as battery material production. Therefore, it is not an exhaustive list of all the production going into creating EV batteries in North America. 

Where are EV batteries manufactured in North America?

This article was originally published August 16, 2023, and was last updated February 6, 2025.

BMW

In October 2022, BMW announced a $1.7 billion investment in the U.S. that would prepare its Spartanburg, South Carolina, plant for the production of EVs. Of the total funding, $700 million was allocated to the buildout of a battery assembly facility in nearby Woodruff. The automaker told TechCrunch that production is scheduled to start at the end of 2026, but it hasn’t confirmed which EVs will be produced there. BMW’s Spartanburg factory is currently where its sports utility vehicles and crossovers are built, including the X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, and XM.

BMW also partnered up with battery maker AESC (formerly Envision AESC) to invest additional funds in a battery cell plant in Florence, South Carolina (more on that in the AESC section). The AESC plant will produce BMW’s new sixth-generation round lithium-ion battery cells for Plant Spartanburg EVs. Groundbreaking for both the Woodruff and Florence facilities took place in June 2024.

Daimler, Paccar, Accelera, EVE Energy

In September 2023, Daimler Truck and Paccar announced a joint venture with energy technology company Accelera and Chinese battery manufacturer EVE Energy to establish a battery cell production plant, supporting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) for medium- and heavy-duty commercial transportation. The companies said in January 2024 that they selected a site in Mississippi.  

Accelera, Daimler, and Paccar will each own 30% of the combined company, called Amplify Cell Technologies, and jointly control the business, which will focus on lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery technology. EVE will serve as a technology provider, contributing its battery cell design and manufacturing expertise in exchange for a 10% ownership stake. 

Ford

In September 2021, Ford established a joint venture (JV) with South Korean battery manufacturer SK. The goal of the joint venture, called BlueOval SK, is to construct three battery plants in the United States. Two are located in Kentucky; the third factory in Tennessee will be co-located with a Ford assembly plant, which will produce the automaker’s second-generation electric truck, code-named Project T3.

Ford and SK On secured a $9.2 billion loan from the U.S. Department of Energy to help finance the construction of the three battery factories in Kentucky and Tennessee. While one of the Kentucky plants is scheduled to begin production in 2025, the second plant’s production has been paused as Ford monitors consumer demand for EVs.

Ford is also building a lithium-iron-phosphate plant in Michigan. Chinese battery maker CATL is licensing its technology to Ford as a service provider on a contractual basis. That might change in the future, though, as Ford has now attracted the ire of House Republicans who are probing the automaker’s relationship with the Chinese battery company. In November 2023, Ford decided to scale back investment in its Michigan plant from $3.5 billion down to $2 billion amid slower-than-expected demand for EVs, which means a 43% drop in production capacity and reduced expected employment. 

General Motors

General Motors aims to have three total battery plants in the U.S. through its joint venture with LG Energy Solutions, which was previously known as Ultium Cells until October 2024. That joint venture secured a $2.5 billion loan from the government in December 2022 to help fund its battery factory projects.

Not only has GM dropped the brand name Ultium, but it also plans to adopt lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery technology to reduce the cost of its EVs by up to $6,000, according to GM’s VP of batteries, Kurt Kelty, who announced this at the automaker’s investor day. The Ultium platform uses the more common nickel-manganese-cobalt recipe.

GM also announced during its October 2024 investor day that it would build a new battery cell development center in Warren, Michigan, with production scheduled to begin in early 2027.

LG isn’t the only battery maker GM is working with. The automaker announced in April 2023 a joint venture with Samsung SDI to build a new battery plant in the United States.

Aside from volume production, GM has also partnered with startup SolidEnergy Systems in 2021 to build a prototyping facility in Woburn, Massachusetts. The goal is to create a high-capacity, pre-production lithium-ion battery.

GM is also working on taking control of the battery materials supply chain. In March 2022, the company partnered with South Korea’s Posco Chemical to contract a $400 million battery materials facility in Canada. The plant will produce cathode active materials. GM announced in February 2024 a deal with LG Chem that would see the automaker investing $19 billion over the next decade to source critical materials from LG Chem’s Tennessee plant. 

Honda

In August 2022, Honda announced its joint venture with South Korea’s LG Energy Solutions to supply the North American market with “pouch-type” battery cells. The facility in Ohio will produce both cells and modules.

The automaker has also made strides to secure battery resource recycling channels and has agreements with businesses, including Ascend Elements, Cirba Solutions, and Posco Holdings.

Honda’s engine plant in Anna, Ohio, is also undergoing retooling to add production of casings for battery modules that will power Honda and Acura EVs manufactured in Ohio.

Hyundai

In April 2023, Hyundai and SK On approved plans to establish a joint venture to build a $5 billion battery plant in Bartow County, Georgia. Within a few months, Hyundai and LG Energy Solution formed another JV to build a battery cell factory near Savannah, Georgia, which will support the production of 300,000 units of EVs annually once the plant reaches mass production. The automaker stated that Hyundai Mobis, Hyundai’s parts and service arm, will assemble battery packs using cells produced at the plant.

Hyundai Mobis 2022 also announced plans to build an EV battery module plant in Alabama that will be able to supply more than 200,000 EV batteries annually to its parent company once the plant reaches full capacity.

Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz opened a battery plant at its existing manufacturing facility in Alabama in 2022. That summer, the plant also became the production site for the automaker’s fully electric EQS SUV. The Alabama facility is also assembling the EQE SUV and the Maybach EQS SUV, according to a company spokesperson.

Mercedes is also collaborating with Sila, a next-gen battery materials company, to incorporate Sila’s battery chemistry into batteries as an option for buyers of the upcoming G-Class. Sila replaces the graphite in a battery cell with silicon and is currently scaling up at its new Washington state facility. The companies are targeting mid-decade for a range-extended version of the G-class.

Stellantis

Stellantis and Samsung SDI commenced construction on their joint-venture EV battery facility in Indiana in March 2023. The factory will produce both lithium-ion cells and modules.

The company announced in July 2023 that it would build a second battery factory with Samsung, which will open in early 2027. In October, Stellantis shared additional details. 

Stellantis, which includes brands Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Jeep, and Ram, also announced a joint venture with LG Energy Solution in 2021, called NextStar Energy, to build a North American factory with an annual capacity of 40 GWh. In March 2022, the two companies announced a binding agreement to invest CAD $5 billion (US $3.7 billion) to produce cells and modules at a manufacturing plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

Tesla

Since beginning production at Gigafactory Nevada in 2017, Tesla has produced over 7.3 billion battery cells and 1.5 million battery packs, which provide approximately 39 GWh of capacity annually, according to Panasonic.

Tesla in January 2023 announced plans to invest billions more into the Nevada factory to include a new 4680 cell factory with the capacity to produce enough batteries for 1.5 million light-duty vehicles annually. The 4680 cells, designed by Tesla and unveiled at Battery Day 2020, are intended to reduce battery costs by over 50%. Tesla has been attempting to scale up cell production over the last few years but has encountered roadblocks. A recent report from The Information indicates that Elon Musk may have to rely on outside suppliers for batteries soon if the 4680 team doesn’t make headway. 

At the start of 2023, Tesla also laid out plans to expand its existing Gigafactory in Austin to include battery cell testing and the manufacture of cathode and drive units but hasn’t shared more details on those plans.

In May 2023, Tesla broke ground on a Texas lithium refinery, making it one of the few U.S. automakers to refine its own lithium. The automaker stated that it would invest $375 million in the Corpus Christi factory, which will have a capacity of 50 GWh. Tesla included an update in its Q4 2024 earnings report regarding the refinery, saying that it plans to bring the plant online in 2025 before scaling production.  

Toyota

Toyota’s planned battery plant in North Carolina, initially announced in 2021, will produce both cells and modules, according to the company. In late October 2023, Toyota announced that it would invest billions more in the factory. When it goes online, it’ll have 10 production lines to support both hybrid and electric vehicles. 

In February 2025, Toyota announced that its North Carolina plant is ready to begin production and will start shipping batteries for North American electrified vehicles in April.

Toyota has also enlisted the help of South Korean battery maker LG Energy Solution, which will exclusively build EV batteries for the Japanese automaker out of its Michigan plant (more on that below).

The Japanese automaker is also building a battery lab at its North American research and development headquarters in Michigan, where it can develop and evaluate the quality of its EV batteries. The $48 million lab is expected to begin operations in 2025, and it will support the company’s manufacturing at factories in North Carolina and Kentucky.

Volkswagen

In July 2022, Volkswagen established a separate battery company, PowerCo SE, to manufacture batteries for its upcoming electric vehicles. Since its launch, the company has selected the locations of three cell factories: two in Europe (Salzgitter, Germany, and Valencia, Spain) and one in North America (St. Thomas, Canada). PowerCo expects to generate an annual revenue of over € 20 billion by 2030.

While VW’s battery factory is in Canada and not technically in the U.S., it should still be eligible to receive Inflation Reduction Act incentives.

Volvo

Volvo has a battery assembly factory in Charleston, South Carolina. However, the automaker does not manufacture batteries or battery components at this location. Volvo would not confirm any other plans it has for battery production in North America.

Battery manufacturers building in North America

AESC

AESC (formerly Envision AESC) is a Japanese battery technology company that has committed to building three U.S. facilities by the end of the decade. The company’s Tennessee plant has been in operation for some time. AESC broke ground at its Kentucky and South Carolina plants in August 2022 and June 2023, respectively. In March 2024, AESC announced plans to expand its South Carolina operations, increasing the total investment in the project to $3.12 billion. However, in February 2025, AESC paused those expansion plans after the state withdrew $100 million in bonds to support the project. The company stated that its existing plant will have sufficient capacity to meet BMW’s requirements.

Gotion

Gotion Inc., headquartered in Silicon Valley and owned by the Chinese company Gotion High-Tech, first announced its intention to build a battery factory in Michigan in October 2022. The factory, which secured $175 million in state funds in April 2023, aimed to construct both cathodes and anodes that could be used for both electric vehicles (EVs) and solar generators, according to a company spokesperson. However, Gotion has faced pushback from locals. The township’s board voted to reverse a previously approved plan to extend the city’s water supply to the factory’s location. In March, Gotion filed a lawsuit against the town, which is currently pending. 

While the Michigan factory is clearly on hold, Gotion has another one in the works. In September 2023, Gotion also announced plans to set up a second battery manufacturing plant in Illinois. The company is on the receiving end of state incentives valued at $536 million and expects to receive tax benefits totaling $213 million over 30 years, provided it invests a minimum of $1.9 billion and creates thousands of well-paid jobs. 

Kore Power

Battery cell and module developer Kore Power announced in March 2024 that it had received approval to construct a battery manufacturing factory in Buckeye, Arizona. However, in February 2025, the company scrapped those plans. Now, Kore plans to sell its construction-ready property in Buckeye and instead search for an existing factory to retrofit into a battery plant.

Kore Power previously told TechCrunch that it would produce batteries for energy storage systems and e-mobility products, including cars, trucks, buses, boats, and trains. It aims to support OEMs by manufacturing 30D-compliant batteries, so Kore is working closely with domestic partners to secure critical materials suppliers onshore.  

LG Energy Solution

South Korea’s LG Energy Solution supplies EV batteries to automakers such as Tesla, Lucid Motors, Toyota, and Proterra. The battery maker has joint ventures with General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, and Stellantis to build battery factories.

In early 2023, LG said it would quintuple the capacity of its existing lithium-ion cell plant in Michigan, which was built in 2010, as part of a deal with Toyota LG’s Holland factory makes large polymer battery cells, or pouch-type cells, and packs for EVs. The expanded plant will produce new long-cell design batteries, which LG claims will offer increased range, improved storage, and a simplified pack structure.

The battery maker also announced that it would quadruple its planned investment in a new factory in Arizona to $5.5 billion, a significant portion of which will be dedicated to EV battery production. The complex will feature two manufacturing facilities — one dedicated to cylindrical batteries for EVs and another for lithium-iron-phosphate pouch-type batteries for energy storage systems.

In August 2023, LG announced a building spree in North America, with plans to invest up to $17 billion through 2025 in constructing a total of eight factories (two of which are already operational) with a capacity of more than 300 GWh. LG has not yet shared details on each plant. 

LG’s parent company, LG Chem, broke ground on a Tennessee plant that will produce cathode material in December 2023. LG plans to invest $3.2 billion in that plant to produce 60,000 tons of cathode material at peak production. GM has signed on as a customer, pledging $19 billion.  

Northvolt

Northvolt, a Swedish producer of lithium-ion batteries, announced in late September 2023 plans to open its first gigafactory in North America. The company had reportedly been evaluating locations in North America and Germany for its next gigafactory, and the former won out due to the incentives offered in the IRA. Northvolt’s planned factory will be in Canada.

In November 2024, Northvolt filed for bankruptcy, but not before selling its U.S.-based manufacturing assets to Lyten, a Silicon Valley-based battery startup.

The company stated at the time that its Quebec battery plant will proceed despite its bankruptcy filing in the U.S.

The project is expected to cost just over $7 billion, with Northvolt contributing $3.2 billion and local and federal governments contributing approximately $4.2 billion. The expansion is based on a $1.2 billion raise, backed by BlackRock.

Northvolt told TechCrunch that it has an “offtake agreement with an anchor customer,” meaning a buyer for its cells, but declined to disclose the name of the company.

The factory will also feature Revolt, Northvolt’s battery recycling program, which will have a capacity of 15 GWh. Northvolt told TechCrunch it hopes to recycle half of the raw materials needed for cell production by 2030.

Our Next Energy

Battery startup Our Next Energy (ONE) announced plans in October 2022 to build a gigafactory in Michigan dedicated to lithium-iron-phosphate cells, also known as LFP batteries. The facility, which is supported by a $200 million grant from the state of Michigan, will include raw material refinement, cathode materials production, and cell and battery manufacturing.

To that end, the company in February 2023 raised a $300 million Series B round to help get it to production.

Panasonic

Panasonic announced in July 2022 that it plans to build the world’s largest EV battery plant, a $4 billion factory in Kansas that will manufacture and supply lithium-ion batteries to EV makers. The facility in De Soto will be Panasonic’s second EV battery plant in the U.S., after the Panasonic Energy of North America (PENA) facility in Sparks, Nevada, which operates inside Tesla’s Nevada Gigafactory and supplies the EV maker with batteries.

Panasonic announced in June 2023 that it plans to expand production at PENA by 10% over the next three years. Around the same time, the Japanese company announced plans to build at least two new factories for the production of Tesla’s 4,680 battery cells in North America by 2030. However, in January 2024, Panasonic’s CEO Yuki Kusumi said the battery business would focus on boosting productivity rather than building another battery factory. 

SK Battery America

South Korean battery manufacturer SK On has formed joint ventures with Ford and Hyundai to develop batteries. The company’s U.S. subsidiary, SK Battery America, has its plans.

SK Battery America has invested $2.6 billion into two manufacturing plants in Jackson County, Georgia, and reached mass production in early 2022.

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